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!KC K9$8I)0:g;y3Wf What is avoidance learning?Avoiding a threat or unpleasantness before the undesirable stimulusWhat is avoidance learning? !W= De|&,Qu?}Sy3Wf What is escape learning?Performing a behavior to terminate an ongoing, unpleasant, aversive stimulusWhat is escape learning?z !{M wq7)H)5A}3y3Wf What type of reinforcement is it when a rat is shocked and escapes to the other side of the box?Negative reinforcementWhat type of reinforcement is it when a rat is shocked and escapes to the other side of the box?4!! e)^#s}ghhTy3Wf If a reinforcing stimulus is aversive, can it be a positive reinforcer?NoIf a reinforcing stimulus is aversive, can it be a positive reinforcer?r! pTkQ{,jc4Iy3Wf What is the response rate and extinction in variable interval schedule?Moderate response rate, more resistance to extinction than fixedWhat is the response rate and extinction in variable interval schedule?z!3 iI8SLzFEr2y3Wf What is the response rate and extinction in fixed interval schedule?Moderate response rate, longer interval leads to more resistance to extinctionWhat is the response rate and extinction in fixed interval schedule?a! I0w9m?@`V7y3Wf What is the response rate and extinction in variable ratio schedule?Constant response rate, most resistance to extinctionWhat is the response rate and extinction in variable ratio schedule?o!# o7lrm]Y7(Cy3Wf What is the response rate and extinction in fixed ratio schedule?Steady response rate, higher ratio leads to more difficulty in extinctionWhat is the response rate and extinction in fixed ratio schedule?E~ !oq FUsN8-^WY(y3Wf What are the different schedules of reinforcement?Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable IntervalWhat are the different schedules of reinforcement?0|% 9%dcx0Uchy3Wf What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?Operant conditioning is based on positive/negative reinforcement and punishment, while classical conditioning involves the reward pathwayWhat is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?dz !_A f0K.%|a6bgy3Wf What is divided attention?Multiple tasksWhat is divided attention?ox !qE bVs`)}{F={y3Wf What is selective attention?Task with distractionWhat is selective attention?v !-E iFeI7D}(~Oy3Wf What is reproductive memory?Memory reproduced with high fidelity (exact recall)What is reproductive memory?ct !c; f^9;{)xWujy3Wf What is eidetic memory?Photographic memoryWhat is eidetic memory?7r !E Rc=[OA6|Mgy3Wf What are the two types of implicit/nondeclarative memory?Procedural and Emotional/ReflexiveWhat are the two types of implicit/nondeclarative memory?$p !%y m65kdjB}wny3Wf What are the two types of explicit/declarative memory?Episodic and SemanticWhat are the two types of explicit/declarative memory?)n !Ec E.Y+FJuo0hy3Wf What are the two types of long-term memory?Explicit/Declarative and Implicit/NondeclarativeWhat are the two types of long-term memory? A  h  X<5c%x>-@ !Ke Gr}C}l}(Dky3Wf What is intelligence according to Sternberg?Triarchic Theory - Creative, Analytical, PracticalWhat is intelligence according to Sternberg?> !e Nz^0F4ZfA:y3Wf What is intelligence according to Thurstone?7 Fundamental AbilitiesWhat is intelligence according to Thurstone?< !#c CK_3UyY2DTy3Wf What is intelligence according to Spearman?G Factor - general intelligenceWhat is intelligence according to Spearman?%: !]C d!x}/aU0`[y3Wf What is the Thomas theorem?If you believe something, it will affect your behavior regardless of realityWhat is the Thomas theorem? 8 !M BaVy3Wf What is a nonrandomized design?An experimental study where participants are not randomly assigned to different groupsWhat is a nonrandomized design? Hk i 9 _ z81Q%yHp !'7 z$rKMd.dy3Wf What is money considered in terms of reinforcement?Secondary reinforcerWhat is money considered in terms of reinforcement?$l !?_ nz|aPv6rt>y3Wf What is the elaboration likelihood model?Communication changes an individual's attitudesWhat is the elaboration likelihood model?yj ! = HoljGqvBPQy3Wf What is exchange theory?The rational choice theory in practiceWhat is exchange theory?$h !MQ i&8-5nQPG}y3Wf What is double approach-avoidance?When there are two options with positive and negative aspectsWhat is double approach-avoidance?!f !CU OeMNHDlB($y3Wf What is approach-avoidance conflict?When one option has both positive and negative aspectsWhat is approach-avoidance conflict?#d !YC qQlJtz@57Gy3Wf What is the arousal theory?People are motivated to increase or decrease their arousal to ideal levelsWhat is the arousal theory?b !I HN/j1|NB(Gy3Wf What is the expectancy theory?Beliefs inform goal-directed behaviorWhat is the expectancy theory?` !OA z^$NCy0*d}y3Wf What is primary appraisal?The evaluation of a situation to determine whether a threat is presentWhat is primary appraisal?)^ !M[ p[ov-sm>Cey3Wf What is the theory of planned behavior?Norms, attitudes, and perceived control affect decisionsWhat is the theory of planned behavior?)\ !k= PsUYFAU*,5y3Wf What is the halo effect?The tendency to assume positive traits about someone because of other desirable traitsWhat is the halo effect?Z !AA cQy-}BUAwmy3Wf What is attribution error?The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal factorsWhat is attribution error?X !MA jch6,`o[4jy3Wf What is self-serving bias?The tendency to alter perception of causality to preserve self-esteemWhat is self-serving bias?V !W3 Il0kW%$|c(y3Wf What is groupthink?The tendency for groups to make decisions without critical evaluation and dissentWhat is groupthink?T !#; nb09P#L3#Xy3Wf What is social loafing?The tendency for individuals to slack off in groupsWhat is social loafing?/R !oE sBVWycIW!iy3Wf What is social desirability?The drive to give responses/act in a manner that is more in line with societal normsWhat is social desirability?P !3C ImPZg<+@R0y3Wf What is group polarization?The phenomenon where group opinions become more extremeWhat is group polarization?:N!+ ikUVOI1A>#y3Wf What is the difference between informational influence and normative influence?Informational influence is driven by lack of knowledge, while normative influence is driven by the desire to be acceptedWhat is the difference between informational influence and normative influence?rL + |5d4 !qa eku#wC}8}Sy3Wf What are stimulants in relation to stress?They are stressors that can lead to increased brain glucose consumptionWhat are stimulants in relation to stress?`!s! QC<7Qt%S!dy3Wf What is the role of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in stress?They are involved in the stress responseWhat is the role of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in stress?]~ !!o M]kqaa}Rrwy3Wf What is the relationship between GAD and arousal?Chronic stress can lead to exhaustion and an inability to resist the impact of stressorsWhat is the relationship between GAD and arousal?w| !+ fNZW9=$Z0+y3Wf What is stress?The body's response to a perceived threat or challengeWhat is stress?qz !3 Is~G)vG7lty3Wf What are cataracts?Clouding of the lens of the eye with ageWhat are cataracts?[x !+a QG7#/n(#9Fy3Wf What is the sociological concept of aging?The lens of the eye becomes less flexible with age, leading to difficulty in seeing objects up closeWhat is the sociological concept of aging?Nv!W H3#MvgqAu>y3Wf What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?Internal locus of control refers to perceiving control from within oneself, while external locus of control refers to perceiving control from external factorsWhat is the difference between internal and external locus of control?{t ! ? vn0I$?Q05^NMPy3Wf What is the function of the medulla oblongata?Respiratory muscle control and reflexesWhat is the function of the medulla oblongata?mB!+ fRYN3+!~twy3Wf What are the different types of brain imaging for function?PET (positron emission tomography) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)What are the different types of brain imaging for function?Y@! NeD%!w{`Zxy3Wf What are the different types of brain imaging for structure?CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)What are the different types of brain imaging for structure?> !-K t$4E8f]uxEy3Wf What is brain imaging used for?To study the structure and function of the brainWhat is brain imaging used for?.< !Gk zcXw#{-6>Ty3Wf What is the difference between intra and inter?Intra means within, while inter means betweenWhat is the difference between intra and inter? :!=W pqsxar*voXy3Wf What is the relationship between chronic sympathetic activation and reproductive and immune function?It can compromise reproductive and immune functionWhat is the relationship between chronic sympathetic activation and reproductive and immune function?q8 !3 Is~G)vG7lty3Wf What are cataracts?Clouding of the lens of the eye with ageWhat are cataracts?G6 !}g FK@0i{ni0Ry3Wf What happens to the lens of the eye with age?It becomes less flexible, leading to difficulty in seeing objects up closeWhat happens to the lens of the eye with age?4 !'9 FWI2iBMpf`y3Wf What is the sick role?A state of deviance where individuals seek to get wellWhat is the sick role?$2 !SK KF2y8*Kvc2y3Wf What is the illness experience?The process of being ill and how individuals make meaning out of itWhat is the illness experience?)0 !k= iObxq_UaShy3Wf What is cognitive aging?The aging process does not diminish a person's ability to retrieve general informationWhat is cognitive aging?". !]= G{zms);?4xy3Wf What is motion parallax?The perception that objects closer to you move faster than objects farther awayWhat is motion parallax?, !S5 oFidEm!Rl,y3Wf What is REM rebound?The increased amount of REM sleep following a period of insufficient REM sleepWhat is REM rebound?A* !km p{a&=)8iZ!y3Wf What is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?It regulates the circadian pacemaker and pineal gland activityWhat is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?M( ! c p]bT[0q)4`y3Wf What happens to the brain during REM sleep?The prefrontal cortex decreases in activity, the amygdala and hippocampus are activeWhat happens to the brain during REM sleep?<& !uY ghYsftjtQ|y3Wf What is the role of the parietal lobe?It is responsible for proprioception (spatial processing) and somatosensationWhat is the role of the parietal lobe?$ !)O E$oHOKqH+|y3Wf What is the role of the thalamus?It acts as a sensory relay, except for smellWhat is the role of the thalamus?/" !]W mthhbN@0i@y3Wf What is the role of the hypothalamus?It is responsible for primary drives such as food, sex, and hungerWhat is the role of the hypothalamus?N !}u zbuBf`XXOHy3Wf What are the pathways involved in visual processing?Magno pathway (motion and depth) and Parvo pathway (color and form)What are the pathways involved in visual processing?/ !W] FCRE50Tr2ly3Wf What is the point of fixation in vision?The area between the eyes where peripheral vision is focusedWhat is the point of fixation in vision? 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8>ef"= 8py3Wf What is the difference between race and ethnicity?Race is based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity is based on culture and ancestryWhat is the difference between race and ethnicity?Fb !S vYB2_JO])|y3Wf What is the diathesis-stress model?It integrates biological predispositions and environmental factors in understanding pathologyWhat is the diathesis-stress model?4` !; GIR?X&C}%qy3Wf What is medicalization?Describing a type of behavior as a symptom of underlying illness that should be treated by a doctorWhat is medicalization?^ !] cYS8r!7rZPy3Wf What are the different types of capital?Economic, Social, and CulturalWhat are the different types of capital?#\! xuUjrx5;}Hy3Wf What is the Malthusian theory of population growth/decline?It posits that population growth is controlled by preventative checks (reducing birth rates) and positive checks (increasing death rates)What is the Malthusian theory of population growth/decline?HZ!] n~j5U>Cn=Jy3Wf What is the relationship between cognitive aging and a person's ability to retrieve general information?Cognitive aging does not diminish a person's ability to retrieve general informationWhat is the relationship between cognitive aging and a person's ability to retrieve general information?"X !]= G{zms);?4xy3Wf What is motion parallax?The perception that objects closer to you move faster than objects farther awayWhat is motion parallax?V !S5 oFidEm!Rl,y3Wf What is REM rebound?The increased amount of REM sleep following a period of insufficient REM sleepWhat is REM rebound?AT !km p{a&=)8iZ!y3Wf What is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?It regulates the circadian pacemaker and pineal gland activityWhat is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?ER ![ QOlrW8Y3Lhy3Wf What happens to the brain during sleep?The prefrontal cortex decreases in activity, the amygdala and hippocampus are activeWhat happens to the brain during sleep?/P !Sa Bp*Z_vR{Z@y3Wf What is the function of the parietal lobe?It is responsible for proprioception and somatosensationWhat is the function of the parietal lobe?N !1W K=6]cT7QP]y3Wf What is the function of the thalamus?It acts as a sensory relay, except for smellWhat is the function of the thalamus?/L!/ IsCb]AbX^Ay3Wf What are the primary drives controlled by the hypothalamus?Food, sex, and hungerWhat are the primary drives controlled by the hypothalamus?XJ !a' wPN.8WhT3@y3Wf What is NMDA?A type of glutamate receptorWhat is NMDA?H ! e Mo5S^2lwBqy3Wf Which hemisphere is language lateralized to?The left hemisphereWhich hemisphere is language lateralized to? O X F_:K_  !71 MlP1+%oD*wy3Wf What is prejudice?Cognitive or affective biases or attitudes towards a certain groupWhat is prejudice?  !U sy3Wf What is labeling theory?It explains how primary deviance can lead to stigma and labels, which in turn lead to secondary (serious) devianceWhat is labeling theory?@x !9 DGtG^I{mtPy3Wf What is strain theory?It posits that deviant behaviors result from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goalsWhat is strain theory?v !KE fU~Sh5pI:xy3Wf What is false consciousness?The inability to realize the true nature of one's place in societyWhat is false consciousness?t !E g7MW%b!S9Ty3Wf What is class consciousness?The understanding of one's social classWhat is class consciousness?)r !k= z{plDMh=K1y3Wf What is conflict theory?It calls attention to competition among social groups, including generational conflictWhat is conflict theory? 3e u 1 >Vv -=D !K= l-S!KUI;5qy3Wf What is a token economy?It uses tokens as secondary reinforcers to encourage desired behaviorsWhat is a token economy?hB !QU fuTI;vAgN:y3Wf What is the life course perspective?It states that environmental factors, behaviors, and stressors from an early age can influence later life and health outcomesWhat is the life course perspective?T@ !7G uEj:J/lOm[y3Wf What is the dependency ratio?The number of economically dependent members in the population divided by the number of economically productive membersWhat is the dependency ratio?> !}Y McE_dOw}#ay3Wf What is the social gradient of health?Wealthier individuals live longer on average compared to middle-class individuals, and middle-class individuals live longer than poor individualsWhat is the social gradient of health?H< !O ASu~ahdje`y3Wf What is differential association?It explains how individuals learn specific deviant behaviors, values, and norms through interactionWhat is differential association?E: !#= t-;eV`!|h>y3Wf What is labeling theory?It explains how primary deviance can lead to stigma and labels, which in turn lead to secondary (serious) devianceWhat is labeling theory?@8 !9 DGtG^I{mtPy3Wf What is strain theory?It posits that deviant behaviors result from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goalsWhat is strain theory?6 !KE fU~Sh5pI:xy3Wf What is false consciousness?The inability to realize the true nature of one's place in societyWhat is false consciousness?4 !E g7MW%b!S9Ty3Wf What is class consciousness?The understanding of one's social classWhat is class consciousness?)2 !k= z{plDMh=K1y3Wf What is conflict theory?It calls attention to competition among social groups, including generational conflictWhat is conflict theory?`0 !)m NM`NsWdz=Py3Wf What is the difference between dyads and triads?Larger groups are more stable and less intimate, and social ties are less likely to be brokenWhat is the difference between dyads and triads?k.!% rxnTlmJ/_$y3Wf What caused the increase in the population of individuals aged 65 and older?The baby boom and increased fertility post-WWIIWhat caused the increase in the population of individuals aged 65 and older? , !W? m]&IMd~VODy3Wf What is content analysis?A sociological method used to make inferences about a group's communicationWhat is content analysis?* !G7 s^;z@V?!wYy3Wf What is rural flight?The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas within a countryWhat is rural flight?n( !}7 fbCN8t*w_Oy3Wf What is urban growth?The growth of urban land over timeWhat is urban growth?2& !kO HU*~:4`@0by3Wf What is evolutionary game theory?It explains how animals act altruistically as they expect reciprocal altruismWhat is evolutionary game theory?k$ =q p|~/N*_>py3Wf What is the difference between race and ethnicity?Race is based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity is based on culture and ancestryWhat is the difference between race and ethnicity?F" !S vYB2_JO])|y3Wf What is the diathesis-stress model?It integrates biological predispositions and environmental factors in understanding pathologyWhat is the diathesis-stress model?F !'; tZ~YL,viVmy3Wf What is medicalization?The process of describing a type of behavior as a symptom of an underlying illness that should be treated by a doctorWhat is medicalization?E !%; p;,Vw;6WW5y3Wf What is discrimination?Behavioral actions or practices that result in differential treatment of individuals based on their group membershipWhat is discrimination? C   kd`<v.l !Gk zcXw#{-6>Ty3Wf What is the difference between intra and inter?Intra means within, while inter means betweenWhat is the difference between intra and inter?ej!g7 uv@RJYW<:Iy3Wf What happens to reproductive and immune function with chronic sympathetic activation?They can be compromisedWhat happens to reproductive and immune function with chronic sympathetic activation?>h !u] Dq,?{2B%_{y3Wf What are co-workers in secondary groups?Individuals who work together but do not have strong personal relationshipsWhat are co-workers in secondary groups?1f !oI rhd&b`,YYRy3Wf What is cultural transmission?The passing of knowledge and values from one generation to the next within a groupWhat is cultural transmission?'d !aC d}UUzF9a2>y3Wf What is cultural diffusion?The spread of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices from one group to anotherWhat is cultural diffusion?4b !kS pNH2RM=:kPy3Wf What is the demographic transition?The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death ratesWhat is the demographic transition?u` !? A7[#1b~{DGy3Wf What is cultural capital?Education, knowledge, and skillsWhat is cultural capital?^ !; dIEW&isY:0y3Wf What is social capital?Connections, networks, and social relationshipsWhat is social capital?o\ !w? L>#qARYZ@@y3Wf What is economic capital?Money, income, and propertyWhat is economic capital? Z !U s