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I0w9m?@`V7I?g4% What is the response rate and extinction in variable ratio schedule?Constant response rate, most resistance to extinctionWhat is the response rate and extinction in variable ratio schedule?oJ!# o7lrm]Y7(CI?g4% What is the response rate and extinction in fixed ratio schedule?Steady response rate, higher ratio leads to more difficulty in extinctionWhat is the response rate and extinction in fixed ratio schedule?EH !oq FUsN8-^WY(I?g4% What are the different schedules of reinforcement?Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable IntervalWhat are the different schedules of reinforcement?0F% 9%dcx0UchI?g4% What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?Operant conditioning is based on positive/negative reinforcement and punishment, while classical conditioning involves the reward pathwayWhat is the difference between operant and classical conditioning?dD !_A f0K.%|a6bgI?g4% What is divided attention?Multiple tasksWhat is divided attention?oB !qE bVs`)}{F={I?g4% What is selective attention?Task with distractionWhat is selective attention?@ !-E iFeI7D}(~OI?g4% What is reproductive memory?Memory reproduced with high fidelity (exact recall)What is reproductive memory?c> !c; f^9;{)xWujI?g4% What is eidetic memory?Photographic memoryWhat is eidetic memory?7< !E Rc=[OA6|MgI?g4% What are the two types of implicit/nondeclarative memory?Procedural and Emotional/ReflexiveWhat are the two types of implicit/nondeclarative memory?$: !%y m65kdjB}wnI?g4% What are the two types of explicit/declarative memory?Episodic and SemanticWhat are the two types of explicit/declarative memory?)8 !Ec E.Y+FJuo0hI?g4% What are the two types of long-term memory?Explicit/Declarative and Implicit/NondeclarativeWhat are the two types of long-term memory? A  h  X<5c%x>- !Ke Gr}C}l}(DkI?g4% What is intelligence according to Sternberg?Triarchic Theory - Creative, Analytical, PracticalWhat is intelligence according to Sternberg? !e Nz^0F4ZfA:I?g4% What is intelligence according to Thurstone?7 Fundamental AbilitiesWhat is intelligence according to Thurstone? !#c CK_3UyY2DTI?g4% What is intelligence according to Spearman?G Factor - general intelligenceWhat is intelligence according to Spearman?% !]C d!x}/aU0`[I?g4% What is the Thomas theorem?If you believe something, it will affect your behavior regardless of realityWhat is the Thomas theorem?  !M BaVI?g4% What is a nonrandomized design?An experimental study where participants are not randomly assigned to different groupsWhat is a nonrandomized design? Hk i 9 _ z81Q%yH: !'7 z$rKMd.dI?g4% What is money considered in terms of reinforcement?Secondary reinforcerWhat is money considered in terms of reinforcement?$6 !?_ nz|aPv6rt>I?g4% What is the elaboration likelihood model?Communication changes an individual's attitudesWhat is the elaboration likelihood model?y4 ! = HoljGqvBPQI?g4% What is exchange theory?The rational choice theory in practiceWhat is exchange theory?$2 !MQ i&8-5nQPG}I?g4% What is double approach-avoidance?When there are two options with positive and negative aspectsWhat is double approach-avoidance?!0 !CU OeMNHDlB($I?g4% What is approach-avoidance conflict?When one option has both positive and negative aspectsWhat is approach-avoidance conflict?#. !YC qQlJtz@57GI?g4% What is the arousal theory?People are motivated to increase or decrease their arousal to ideal levelsWhat is the arousal theory?, !I HN/j1|NB(GI?g4% What is the expectancy theory?Beliefs inform goal-directed behaviorWhat is the expectancy theory?* !OA z^$NCy0*d}I?g4% What is primary appraisal?The evaluation of a situation to determine whether a threat is presentWhat is primary appraisal?)( !M[ p[ov-sm>CeI?g4% What is the theory of planned behavior?Norms, attitudes, and perceived control affect decisionsWhat is the theory of planned behavior?)& !k= PsUYFAU*,5I?g4% What is the halo effect?The tendency to assume positive traits about someone because of other desirable traitsWhat is the halo effect?$ !AA cQy-}BUAwmI?g4% What is attribution error?The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal factorsWhat is attribution error?" !MA jch6,`o[4jI?g4% What is self-serving bias?The tendency to alter perception of causality to preserve self-esteemWhat is self-serving bias? !W3 Il0kW%$|c(I?g4% What is groupthink?The tendency for groups to make decisions without critical evaluation and dissentWhat is groupthink? !#; nb09P#L3#XI?g4% What is social loafing?The tendency for individuals to slack off in groupsWhat is social loafing?/ !oE sBVWycIW!iI?g4% What is social desirability?The drive to give responses/act in a manner that is more in line with societal normsWhat is social desirability? !3C ImPZg<+@R0I?g4% What is group polarization?The phenomenon where group opinions become more extremeWhat is group polarization?:!+ ikUVOI1A>#I?g4% What is the difference between informational influence and normative influence?Informational influence is driven by lack of knowledge, while normative influence is driven by the desire to be acceptedWhat is the difference between informational influence and normative influence?r + |5d4L !qa eku#wC}8}SI?g4% What are stimulants in relation to stress?They are stressors that can lead to increased brain glucose consumptionWhat are stimulants in relation to stress?`J!s! QC<7Qt%S!dI?g4% What is the role of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in stress?They are involved in the stress responseWhat is the role of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus in stress?]H !!o M]kqaa}RrwI?g4% What is the relationship between GAD and arousal?Chronic stress can lead to exhaustion and an inability to resist the impact of stressorsWhat is the relationship between GAD and arousal?wF !+ fNZW9=$Z0+I?g4% What is stress?The body's response to a perceived threat or challengeWhat is stress?qD !3 Is~G)vG7ltI?g4% What are cataracts?Clouding of the lens of the eye with ageWhat are cataracts?[B !+a QG7#/n(#9FI?g4% What is the sociological concept of aging?The lens of the eye becomes less flexible with age, leading to difficulty in seeing objects up closeWhat is the sociological concept of aging?N@!W H3#MvgqAu>I?g4% What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?Internal locus of control refers to perceiving control from within oneself, while external locus of control refers to perceiving control from external factorsWhat is the difference between internal and external locus of control?{> ! ? vn0I$?Q05^NMPI?g4% What is the function of the medulla oblongata?Respiratory muscle control and reflexesWhat is the function of the medulla oblongata?m !+ fRYN3+!~twI?g4% What are the different types of brain imaging for function?PET (positron emission tomography) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)What are the different types of brain imaging for function?Y ! NeD%!w{`ZxI?g4% What are the different types of brain imaging for structure?CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)What are the different types of brain imaging for structure? !-K t$4E8f]uxEI?g4% What is brain imaging used for?To study the structure and function of the brainWhat is brain imaging used for?. !Gk zcXw#{-6>TI?g4% What is the difference between intra and inter?Intra means within, while inter means betweenWhat is the difference between intra and inter? !=W pqsxar*voXI?g4% What is the relationship between chronic sympathetic activation and reproductive and immune function?It can compromise reproductive and immune functionWhat is the relationship between chronic sympathetic activation and reproductive and immune function?q !3 Is~G)vG7ltI?g4% What are cataracts?Clouding of the lens of the eye with ageWhat are cataracts?G !}g FK@0i{ni0RI?g4% What happens to the lens of the eye with age?It becomes less flexible, leading to difficulty in seeing objects up closeWhat happens to the lens of the eye with age?~ !'9 FWI2iBMpf`I?g4% What is the sick role?A state of deviance where individuals seek to get wellWhat is the sick role?$| !SK KF2y8*Kvc2I?g4% What is the illness experience?The process of being ill and how individuals make meaning out of itWhat is the illness experience?)z !k= iObxq_UaShI?g4% What is cognitive aging?The aging process does not diminish a person's ability to retrieve general informationWhat is cognitive aging?"x !]= G{zms);?4xI?g4% What is motion parallax?The perception that objects closer to you move faster than objects farther awayWhat is motion parallax?v !S5 oFidEm!Rl,I?g4% What is REM rebound?The increased amount of REM sleep following a period of insufficient REM sleepWhat is REM rebound?At !km p{a&=)8iZ!I?g4% What is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?It regulates the circadian pacemaker and pineal gland activityWhat is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?Mr ! c p]bT[0q)4`I?g4% What happens to the brain during REM sleep?The prefrontal cortex decreases in activity, the amygdala and hippocampus are activeWhat happens to the brain during REM sleep?

qM\g4%"= #lpI?g4% What is the difference between race and ethnicity?Race is based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity is based on culture and ancestryWhat is the difference between race and ethnicity?F, !S vYB2_JO])|I?g4% What is the diathesis-stress model?It integrates biological predispositions and environmental factors in understanding pathologyWhat is the diathesis-stress model?4* !; GIR?X&C}%qI?g4% What is medicalization?Describing a type of behavior as a symptom of underlying illness that should be treated by a doctorWhat is medicalization?( !] cYS8r!7rZPI?g4% What are the different types of capital?Economic, Social, and CulturalWhat are the different types of capital?#&! xuUjrx5;}HI?g4% What is the Malthusian theory of population growth/decline?It posits that population growth is controlled by preventative checks (reducing birth rates) and positive checks (increasing death rates)What is the Malthusian theory of population growth/decline?H$!] n~j5U>Cn=JI?g4% What is the relationship between cognitive aging and a person's ability to retrieve general information?Cognitive aging does not diminish a person's ability to retrieve general informationWhat is the relationship between cognitive aging and a person's ability to retrieve general information?"" !]= G{zms);?4xI?g4% What is motion parallax?The perception that objects closer to you move faster than objects farther awayWhat is motion parallax? !S5 oFidEm!Rl,I?g4% What is REM rebound?The increased amount of REM sleep following a period of insufficient REM sleepWhat is REM rebound?A !km p{a&=)8iZ!I?g4% What is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?It regulates the circadian pacemaker and pineal gland activityWhat is the role of the SCN in the hypothalamus?E ![ QOlrW8Y3LhI?g4% What happens to the brain during sleep?The prefrontal cortex decreases in activity, the amygdala and hippocampus are activeWhat happens to the brain during sleep?/ !Sa Bp*Z_vR{Z@I?g4% What is the function of the parietal lobe?It is responsible for proprioception and somatosensationWhat is the function of the parietal lobe? !1W K=6]cT7QP]I?g4% What is the function of the thalamus?It acts as a sensory relay, except for smellWhat is the function of the thalamus?/!/ IsCb]AbX^AI?g4% What are the primary drives controlled by the hypothalamus?Food, sex, and hungerWhat are the primary drives controlled by the hypothalamus?X !a' wPN.8WhT3@I?g4% What is NMDA?A type of glutamate receptorWhat is NMDA? ! e Mo5S^2lwBqI?g4% Which hemisphere is language lateralized to?The left hemisphereWhich hemisphere is language lateralized to? O X F_:K_ f !71 MlP1+%oD*wI?g4% What is prejudice?Cognitive or affective biases or attitudes towards a certain groupWhat is prejudice? d !U sI?g4% What is labeling theory?It explains how primary deviance can lead to stigma and labels, which in turn lead to secondary (serious) devianceWhat is labeling theory?@B !9 DGtG^I{mtPI?g4% What is strain theory?It posits that deviant behaviors result from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goalsWhat is strain theory?@ !KE fU~Sh5pI:xI?g4% What is false consciousness?The inability to realize the true nature of one's place in societyWhat is false consciousness?> !E g7MW%b!S9TI?g4% What is class consciousness?The understanding of one's social classWhat is class consciousness?)< !k= z{plDMh=K1I?g4% What is conflict theory?It calls attention to competition among social groups, including generational conflictWhat is conflict theory? 3e u 1 >Vv -= !K= l-S!KUI;5qI?g4% What is a token economy?It uses tokens as secondary reinforcers to encourage desired behaviorsWhat is a token economy?h !QU fuTI;vAgN:I?g4% What is the life course perspective?It states that environmental factors, behaviors, and stressors from an early age can influence later life and health outcomesWhat is the life course perspective?T !7G uEj:J/lOm[I?g4% What is the dependency ratio?The number of economically dependent members in the population divided by the number of economically productive membersWhat is the dependency ratio? !}Y McE_dOw}#aI?g4% What is the social gradient of health?Wealthier individuals live longer on average compared to middle-class individuals, and middle-class individuals live longer than poor individualsWhat is the social gradient of health?H !O ASu~ahdje`I?g4% What is differential association?It explains how individuals learn specific deviant behaviors, values, and norms through interactionWhat is differential association?E !#= t-;eV`!|h>I?g4% What is labeling theory?It explains how primary deviance can lead to stigma and labels, which in turn lead to secondary (serious) devianceWhat is labeling theory?@ !9 DGtG^I{mtPI?g4% What is strain theory?It posits that deviant behaviors result from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goalsWhat is strain theory? !KE fU~Sh5pI:xI?g4% What is false consciousness?The inability to realize the true nature of one's place in societyWhat is false consciousness?~ !E g7MW%b!S9TI?g4% What is class consciousness?The understanding of one's social classWhat is class consciousness?)| !k= z{plDMh=K1I?g4% What is conflict theory?It calls attention to competition among social groups, including generational conflictWhat is conflict theory?`z !)m NM`NsWdz=PI?g4% What is the difference between dyads and triads?Larger groups are more stable and less intimate, and social ties are less likely to be brokenWhat is the difference between dyads and triads?kx!% rxnTlmJ/_$I?g4% What caused the increase in the population of individuals aged 65 and older?The baby boom and increased fertility post-WWIIWhat caused the increase in the population of individuals aged 65 and older? v !W? m]&IMd~VODI?g4% What is content analysis?A sociological method used to make inferences about a group's communicationWhat is content analysis?t !G7 s^;z@V?!wYI?g4% What is rural flight?The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas within a countryWhat is rural flight?nr !}7 fbCN8t*w_OI?g4% What is urban growth?The growth of urban land over timeWhat is urban growth?2p !kO HU*~:4`@0bI?g4% What is evolutionary game theory?It explains how animals act altruistically as they expect reciprocal altruismWhat is evolutionary game theory?kn =q p|~/N*_>pI?g4% What is the difference between race and ethnicity?Race is based on perceived physical characteristics, while ethnicity is based on culture and ancestryWhat is the difference between race and ethnicity?Fl !S vYB2_JO])|I?g4% What is the diathesis-stress model?It integrates biological predispositions and environmental factors in understanding pathologyWhat is the diathesis-stress model?Fj !'; tZ~YL,viVmI?g4% What is medicalization?The process of describing a type of behavior as a symptom of an underlying illness that should be treated by a doctorWhat is medicalization?Eh !%; p;,Vw;6WW5I?g4% What is discrimination?Behavioral actions or practices that result in differential treatment of individuals based on their group membershipWhat is discrimination? C   kd`<v.6 !Gk zcXw#{-6>TI?g4% What is the difference between intra and inter?Intra means within, while inter means betweenWhat is the difference between intra and inter?e4!g7 uv@RJYW<:II?g4% What happens to reproductive and immune function with chronic sympathetic activation?They can be compromisedWhat happens to reproductive and immune function with chronic sympathetic activation?>2 !u] Dq,?{2B%_{I?g4% What are co-workers in secondary groups?Individuals who work together but do not have strong personal relationshipsWhat are co-workers in secondary groups?10 !oI rhd&b`,YYRI?g4% What is cultural transmission?The passing of knowledge and values from one generation to the next within a groupWhat is cultural transmission?'. !aC d}UUzF9a2>I?g4% What is cultural diffusion?The spread of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices from one group to anotherWhat is cultural diffusion?4, !kS pNH2RM=:kPI?g4% What is the demographic transition?The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death ratesWhat is the demographic transition?u* !? A7[#1b~{DGI?g4% What is cultural capital?Education, knowledge, and skillsWhat is cultural capital?( !; dIEW&isY:0I?g4% What is social capital?Connections, networks, and social relationshipsWhat is social capital?o& !w? L>#qARYZ@@I?g4% What is economic capital?Money, income, and propertyWhat is economic capital? $ !U s