What is false consciousness?
The inability to realize the true nature of one's place in society
What is strain theory?
It posits that deviant behaviors result from the disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goals
What is labeling theory?
It explains how primary deviance can lead to stigma and labels, which in turn lead to secondary (serious) deviance
What is differential association?
It explains how individuals learn specific deviant behaviors, values, and norms through interaction
What is the social gradient of health?
Wealthier individuals live longer on average compared to middle-class individuals, and middle-class individuals live longer than poor individuals
What is the dependency ratio?
The number of economically dependent members in the population divided by the number of economically productive members
What is the life course perspective?
It states that environmental factors, behaviors, and stressors from an early age can influence later life and health outcomes
What is a token economy?
It uses tokens as secondary reinforcers to encourage desired behaviors
What is teacher expectancy?
It is the belief of a teacher about a student, which can influence the student's performance
What is mobility?
The ability to move from one social class or socioeconomic status to another
What is horizontal mobility?
A change of roles within the same social class
What is vertical mobility?
A change in someone's socioeconomic status